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MINERAL CLASSIFICATION / SYSTEMATIK der MINERALE based on E.H. Nickel & M.C. Nichols (2009), H. Strunz & E.H. Nickel (2001), revised by Thomas Witzke (2023) 5. CARBONATES (Carbonates, Nitrates) 5.B: Carbonates with additional anions, without water | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BA. With cations only in tetrahedral [4] or only in tetragonal pyramidal [5] coordination | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BA.005. Azurite | ||||||||||||||||||
Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 | mon., P21/c | FOTO | A | ||||||||||||||
Azurite: with CuO5 tetragonal pyramids. | ||||||||||||||||||
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5.BB. With cations in tetrahedral + other coordination | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BB.005. Hydrozincite-Aurichalcite group | ||||||||||||||||||
Hydrozincite | Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 | mon., C2/m | FOTO | G | ||||||||||||||
Aurichalcite | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 | mon., P21/m | FOTO | G | ||||||||||||||
Hydrozincite: cations in tetrahedral and octahedral coordination. Layers of edge-sharing octahedra, every fourth octahedral position is not occupied. On the non-occupied positions to both sides of the layer a tetrahedra is placed. | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BB.010. Loseyite group | ||||||||||||||||||
Loseyite | (Mn,Mg)4Zn3(CO3)2(OH)10 | mon., C2/c | G | |||||||||||||||
Sclarite | (Zn,Mg,Mn)4Zn3(CO3)2(OH)10 | mon., C2/m | IMA 1988-026 | |||||||||||||||
Sclarite: framework of cations in tetrahedral and octahedral coordination. The octahedra share edges and corners (Grice & Dunn, 1989, Am. Min. 74, 1355-1359). Loseyite is isostructural. | ||||||||||||||||||
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5.BC. With cations only in octahedral coordination | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BC.005. Holdawayite | ||||||||||||||||||
Holdawayite | Mn6(CO3)2(OH)7(Cl,OH) | mon., C2/m | IMA 1986-001 | |||||||||||||||
Holdawayite: a framework of edge- and corner-sharing octahedra. (Cl,OH) is situated in large tunnels running parallel b. | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BC.010. Dawsonite | ||||||||||||||||||
Dawsonite | NaAl(CO3)(OH)2 | orth., Imam | FOTO | G | ||||||||||||||
Dawsonite: AlO2(OH)4 octahedra and distorted NaO4(OH)2 octahedra (Frueh & Golightly, 1967, Can. Min. 9, 51-56). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BC.015. Barentsite | ||||||||||||||||||
Barentsite | Na7Al(CO3)2(HCO3)2F4 | tric., P1 (ps.-hex.) | IMA 1982-101 | |||||||||||||||
Barentsite: layers of edge-sharing Al(O,F)6 octahedra and distorted Na(O,F)6 octahedra parallel (001), the layers are connected by distorted Na(O,F)6 octahedra. | ||||||||||||||||||
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5.BD. With cations in octahedral + other coordination | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BD.005. Malachite group | ||||||||||||||||||
Pokrovskite | Mg2(CO3)(OH)2 | mon., P21/a | IMA 1982-054 | |||||||||||||||
Chukanovite | Fe2(CO3)(OH)2 | mon., P21/a | FOTO | IMA 2005-039 | ||||||||||||||
Perchiazziite | Co2(CO3)(OH)2 | mon., P21/a | IMA 2023-013 | |||||||||||||||
Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 | mon., P21/a | FOTO | G | ||||||||||||||
Mcguinnessite | CuMg(CO3)(OH)2 | mon., P21/a | IMA 1977-027 | |||||||||||||||
Kolwezite | CuCo(CO3)(OH)2 | mon., P21/a | FOTO | IMA 1979-017 | ||||||||||||||
Glaukosphaerite | CuNi(CO3)(OH)2 | mon., P21/a | FOTO | IMA 1972-028 | ||||||||||||||
Rosasite | CuZn(CO3)(OH)2 | mon., P21/a | G | |||||||||||||||
Parádsasvárite | Zn2(CO3)(OH)2 | mon., P21/a | IMA 2012-077 | |||||||||||||||
Nullaginite | Ni2(CO3)(OH)2 | mon., P21/m | IMA 1978-011 | |||||||||||||||
Zincrosasite | (Zn,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2 | mon. | Q | |||||||||||||||
Malachite: with chains of edge-sharing CuO6 octahedra and CuO5 tetragonal pyramides. | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BD.010. Tunisite | ||||||||||||||||||
Tunisite | NaCa2Al4(CO3)4(OH)8Cl | tetr., P4/nmm | FOTO | IMA 1967-038 | ||||||||||||||
Tunisite: layers of edge- and corner-sharing AlO6 octahedra, alternating with layers Ca in 10-fold coordination, Na(O4Cl) tetragonal pyramids and carbonate groups. The pyramides with apical chlorine point in the octahedral layer. | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BD.015. Sabinaite | ||||||||||||||||||
Sabinaite | Na4TiZr2(CO3)4O4 | mon., C2/c | IMA 1978-071 | |||||||||||||||
Sabinaite: Ti in octadedral, Zr in 7-fold (pentagonal dipyramides) and Na in 6- and 8-fold coordination. | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BD.020. Rouvilleite | ||||||||||||||||||
Rouvilleite | Na3Ca(Mn,Ca)(CO3)3F | mon., Cc | IMA 1989-050 | |||||||||||||||
Rouvilleite: Na in distorted octahedral and 7-fold coordination, Mn/Ca is in irregular 6- to 7-fold (distance 2.235 - 2.555 or 2.757 Å) and Ca in 7-fold coordination (Yamnova et al., 1991, Soviet Physics - Crystallography 36, 14-16). | ||||||||||||||||||
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5.BE. With cations in 7- to 9-fold coordination: cations (Pb, Bi) with stereochemically active lone electron pairs | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BE.005. Shannonite | ||||||||||||||||||
Shannonite | Pb2(CO3)O | orth., P212121 (?) | IMA 1993-053 | |||||||||||||||
Shannonite: Pb in irregular 7-fold and 8-fold coordination. The coordination polyhedra are strongly distorted due to the effect of s2 lone electron pairs on the Pb2+ cations (Krivovichev & Burns, 2000, Min. Mag. 64, 1063-1068). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BE.010. Grootfonteinite | ||||||||||||||||||
Grootfonteinite | Pb3(CO3)2O | hex., P63mc | IMA 2015-051 | |||||||||||||||
Grootfonteinite: the structure is formed by layered blocks composed of three sheets [PbCO3][PbO][PbCO3]. The composition of the [PbO] sheet is idealized, the real composition is [(Pb0.7Na0.3)(O0.7(OH)0.3]. The stereochemically active 6s2 lone electron pairs of the two Pb atoms are located in between the blocks, similar to the structure of litharge. Pb is in a 6 + 1 coordination with 6 oxygen (distance of ca. 2.7 Å) in an equatorial plane and one oxygen in a short bond (2.2 Å) perpendicular to one side of the plane, and in a 9-fold coordination around a split position, forming a tricapped trigonal prism. At the second position, a part of the Pb is replaced by Na. The structure is related to the structures of hydrocerussite and abellaite (Siidra et al., 2018, Eur. J. Min. 30, 383-391). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BE.015. Hydrocerussite | ||||||||||||||||||
Hydrocerussite | Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 | trig., P31 | FOTO | G | ||||||||||||||
Hydrocerussite: the structure is formed by layered blocks composed of three sheets [PbCO3][Pb(OH)2][PbCO3] (Siidra et al., 2018, Eur. J. Min. 30, 383-391). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BE.020. Plumbonacrite | ||||||||||||||||||
Plumbonacrite | Pb5(CO3)3(OH)2O | hex., P61/mcm | G | |||||||||||||||
5.BE.025. Somersetite | ||||||||||||||||||
Somersetite | Pb8(CO3)5(OH)2O2 | trig., P31c | IMA 2017-024 | |||||||||||||||
Somersetite: layered structure of alternating blocks of electroneutral plumbonacrite-type [Pb5O(OH)2(CO3)3] and hydrocerussite-type [Pb3(OH)2(CO3)2], separated by stereochemically active lone electron pairs on Pb2+ (Siidra et al., 2018, Min. Mag.). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BE.030. Abellaite | ||||||||||||||||||
Abellaite | NaPb2(CO3)2(OH) | hex., P63mc | IMA 2014-111 | |||||||||||||||
Abellait: the structure is formed by layered blocks composed of three sheets [PbCO3][Na(OH)][PbCO3] (Ibáñez-Insa et al., 2017, Eur. J. Min 10; Siidra et al., 2018, Eur. J. Min. 30, 383-391). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BE.035. Phosgenite | ||||||||||||||||||
Phosgenite | Pb2(CO3)Cl2 | tetr., P4/mbm | FOTO | G | ||||||||||||||
Phosgenite: Pb in 4 O + 5 Cl coordination, forming a strongly deformed monocapped square antiprism. The Pb-O bond lengths showing an average of 2.598 Å and the Pb-Cl of 3.160 Å (Giuseppetti & Tadini, 1974, Tscherm. Min. Petr. Mitt. 21, 101-109). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BE.040. Bismutite | ||||||||||||||||||
Bismutite | Bi2O2(CO3) | tetr., I4/mmm | FOTO | G | ||||||||||||||
Bismutite: layered structure with alternating Bi-O and carbonate layers. Bi(1) in 8-fold (4 + 4) coordination, forming a square antiprism compressed along [001], with bond lenghts around 2.4 Å and 2.842 Å. The compression and the unequal bond-lengths are a consequence of the stereoactive lonepair of electrons associated with Bi3+ ions. Bi(2) has also 8-fold coordination, in a truncated tetrasphenoid. The bond lenghts are shorter (2.23 and 2.67 Å), indicating that the stereoactive lone-pair of electrons are more involved in bonding (Grice, 2002, Can. Min. 40, 693-698). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BE.045. Kettnerite | ||||||||||||||||||
Kettnerite | CaBiO(CO3)F | orth., Pmmn | FOTO | G | ||||||||||||||
Kettnerite: layered structure with a sequence of Bi-O, carbonate, CaF, carbonate layers. The structure is related to the bismutite structure. | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BE.050. Beyerite | ||||||||||||||||||
Beyerite | CaBi2O2(CO3)2 | tetr., I4/mmm | FOTO | G | ||||||||||||||
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5.BF. With cations (Na, Ca, Ba, REE) in 6- to 12-fold coordination to O and F | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BF.005. Brenkite | ||||||||||||||||||
Brenkite | Ca2(CO3)F2 | orth., Pbcn | FOTO | IMA 1977-036 | ||||||||||||||
Brenkite: Ca in irregular coordination with four F and three O, with average Ca-F distances of 2.388 Å and Ca-O distances of 2.426 Å (Leufer & Tillmanns, 1980, Tschermaks min. petr. Mitt. 27, 261-266). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BF.010. Podlesnoite | ||||||||||||||||||
Podlesnoite | Ca2Ba(CO3)2F2 | orth., Cmcm | IMA 2006-033 | |||||||||||||||
Podlesnoite: the structure shows a honeycomb-like framework of columns of edge-sharing CaO6F2 polyhedra stretched parallel to the c axis. Distances of Ca to O/F ranging from 2.2912 to 2.4883 Å. Ba is in 10-fold coordination and forms BaO6F4 polyhedra (distances Ba to O/F from 2.771 to 2.915(2) Å. The CO3 groups are oriented parallel to the ac plane. The structure is slightly related to aragonite (Zubkova et al., 2009, Z. Krist. 222). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BF.015. Arisite group | ||||||||||||||||||
Arisite-(La) | NaLa2(CO3)3-xF1+2x | hex., P6m2 | IMA 2009-019 | |||||||||||||||
Arisite-(Ce) | NaCe2(CO3)3-xF1+2x | hex., P6m2 | IMA 2009-013 | |||||||||||||||
Arisite: Na in 6-fold (trigonal prism), REE in 10-fold (9 O + 1 F) coordination. | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BF.020. Cordylite group | ||||||||||||||||||
Cordylite-(La) | NaCaBa2La3Sr(CO3)8F2 | hex., P63/mmc | IMA 2010-058 | |||||||||||||||
Cordylite-(Ce) | (Na,Ca)BaCe2(CO3)4(F,O) | hex., P63/mmc | FOTO | A | ||||||||||||||
Lukechangite-(Ce) | Na3Ce2(CO3)4F | hex., P63/mmc | IMA 1996-033 | |||||||||||||||
Cordylite: (Na/Ca) in 6-fold (trigonal prism), REE in 10-fold and Ba in 12-fold (hexagonal prism) coordination. | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BF.025. Horváthite | ||||||||||||||||||
Horváthite-(Y) | NaY(CO3)F2 | orth., Pmcn | FOTO | IMA 1996-032 | ||||||||||||||
Horváthite-(Y): with NaO3F4 and YO4F4 polyhedra (Grice & Chao, 1997, Can. Min. 35, 743-749). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BF.030. Bastnäsite group (Bastnäsite polysomatic series) | ||||||||||||||||||
Bastnäsite-(Y) | Y(CO3)F | hex., P62c | A | |||||||||||||||
Bastnäsite-(La) | La(CO3)F | hex., P62c | Rn | |||||||||||||||
Bastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)F | hex., P62c | FOTO | Rn | ||||||||||||||
Bastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)F | hex., P62c | IMA 2011-062 | |||||||||||||||
Hydroxylbastnäsite-(La) | La(CO3)(OH) | hex., P6 | IMA 2021-001 | |||||||||||||||
Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)(OH) | hex., P62c (?) | Rn | |||||||||||||||
Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)(OH) | hex., P62c (?) | IMA 1984-060, Rn | |||||||||||||||
Thorbastnäsite | (Ca,Ce)Th(CO3)2F2 | hex., P62c | A | |||||||||||||||
Bastnäsite: the structure is composed of (CeF) and (CO3) layers parallel (0001) in a ratio 1 : 1. Ce is coordinated in CeO6F3 polyhedra with three Ce-F bonds within the (CeF) layer (2.403 - 2.4157 Å) and six bonds to O of the carbonate groups (2.542 - 2.591 Å distance) (Ni et al., 1993, Am. Min. 78, 415-418). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BF.035. Synchysite group (Bastnäsite polysomatic series) | ||||||||||||||||||
035 a. Parisite series | ||||||||||||||||||
Parisite-(La) | CaLa2(CO3)3F | trig., R3 | IMA 2016-031 | |||||||||||||||
Parisite-(Ce) | CaCe2(CO3)3F | trig., R3 | FOTO | A | ||||||||||||||
035 b. Röntgenite | ||||||||||||||||||
Röntgenite-(Ce) | Ca2Ce3(CO3)5F3 | trig., R3 | A | |||||||||||||||
035 c. Synchysite series | ||||||||||||||||||
Synchysite-(Y) | CaY(CO3)2F | mon., C2/c | Rn | |||||||||||||||
Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F | mon., C2/c | FOTO | A | ||||||||||||||
Synchysite-(Nd) | CaNd(CO3)2F | orth. (ps.-hex.) | IMA 1982-030 | |||||||||||||||
The structures of Parisite, Synchysite and Röntgenite are based on the Bastnäsite structure. Additionally to the (CeF) and (CO3) layers, (Ca) layers are present, with different ratios of the three layers. The minerals form a polysomatic series with the general formula [REE(CO3)F]m [CaREE(CO3)2F]n, with Bastnäsite m=1, n=0, Parisite m=1, n=1, Röntgenite m=1, n=2 and Synchysite m=0, n=1. Ca is in 8-fold coordination (2.34 - 2.85 Å distance). Different polytypes are possible (Ni et al., 2000, Am. Min. 85, 251-258). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BF.040. Qaqarssukite | ||||||||||||||||||
Qaqarssukite-(Ce) | BaCe(CO3)2F | trig., P3c1 | IMA 2004-019 | |||||||||||||||
Qaqarssukite-(Ce) has a layered structure related to that of Synchysite-(Ce), composed of three chemically distinct layers parallel to (0001): (1) carbonate groups oriented perpendicular to the layering, (2) a layer of Ce-O-F polyhedra, and (3) a layer of Ba-O-F polyhedra. Ce is coordinated in CeO6F3 polyhedra, Ba in BaO9F and BaO12 polyhedra (Grice et al., 2006, Can. Min. 44, 1137-1146). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BF.045. Huanghoite | ||||||||||||||||||
Huanghoite-(Ce) | BaCe(CO3)2F | trig., R3m | A | |||||||||||||||
Huanghoite-(Ce): with CeO9F polyhedra forming layers perpendicular to (001). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BF.050. Kukharenkoite group | ||||||||||||||||||
Kukharenkoite-(Ce) | Ba2Ce(CO3)3F | mon., P21/c | FOTO | IMA 1995-040 | ||||||||||||||
Kukharenkoite-(La) | Ba2La(CO3)3F | mon., P21/c | IMA 2002-019 | |||||||||||||||
Kukharenkoite: Ba in 10-fold coordination (7 x O and 3 x F with distances Ba to O/F ranging from 2.717 to 2.875 Å) and in 11-fold (or 10 + 1) coordination with O with distances 2.659 and 2.835 to 2.984 Å. REE in 10-fold coordination (9 x O and 1 x F) with distances of the central atom to O/F 2.434 to 2.738 Å. The structure can also be described as having F-centered [FCeBa3] tetrahedra, linked through shared edges to form double chains [FCeBa] along the b axis (Krivovichev et al., 1998, Can. Min. 36, 809-815). | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BF.055. Cebaite | ||||||||||||||||||
Cebaite-(Ce) | Ba3Ce2(CO3)5F2 | mon., C2/m | A | |||||||||||||||
Cebaite-(Ce): with CeO9F polyhedra forming double infinite chains. | ||||||||||||||||||
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5.BG. Carbonates with additional tetrahedral anions: SO4, PO4, SiO4 | ||||||||||||||||||
5.BG.005. Brianyoungite | ||||||||||||||||||
Brianyoungite | Zn12(CO3)3(SO4)(OH)16 | orth. or mon. | FOTO | IMA 1991-053 | ||||||||||||||
5.BG.010. Northupite group | ||||||||||||||||||
Northupite | Na6Mg2(CO3)4Cl2 | cub., Fd3 | G | |||||||||||||||
Tychite | Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4) | cub., Fd3 | G | |||||||||||||||
Manganotychite | Na6Mn2(CO3)4(SO4) | cub., Fd3 | IMA 1989-039 | |||||||||||||||
Ferrotychite | Na6Fe2(CO3)4(SO4) | cub., Fd3 | IMA 1980-050 | |||||||||||||||
5.BG.015. Leadhillite group | ||||||||||||||||||
Leadhillite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)2(OH)2 | mon., P21/a | G | |||||||||||||||
Macphersonite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)2(OH)2 | orth., Pcab | IMA 1982-105 | |||||||||||||||
Susannite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)2(OH)2 | trig., P3 | G | |||||||||||||||
5.BG.020. Philolithite | ||||||||||||||||||
Philolithite | Pb12Mn7(CO3)4(SO4)Cl4O6(OH)12 | tetr., P42/nnm | IMA 1996-020 | |||||||||||||||
5.BG.025. Reederite | ||||||||||||||||||
Reederite-(Y) | (Na,Mn)15Y2(CO3)9(SO3F)Cl | hex., P6 | IMA 1994-012 | |||||||||||||||
5.BG.030. Mineevite | ||||||||||||||||||
Mineevite-(Y) | BaNa25Y2(CO3)11(HCO3)4(SO4)2F2Cl | hex., P63/m | IMA 1991-048 | |||||||||||||||
5.BG.035. Bradleyite group | ||||||||||||||||||
Bradleyite | Na3Mg(CO3)(PO4) | mon., P21/m | G | |||||||||||||||
Sidorenkite | Na3Mn(CO3)(PO4) | mon., P21/m | FOTO | IMA 1978-013 | ||||||||||||||
Bonshtedtite | Na3Fe(CO3)(PO4) | mon., P21/m | IMA 1981-026a | |||||||||||||||
Crawfordite | Na3Sr(CO3)(PO4) | mon., P21 | IMA 1993-030 | |||||||||||||||
5.BG.040. Daqingshanite | ||||||||||||||||||
Daqingshanite-(Ce) | (Sr,Ca,Ba)3Ce(CO3)3(PO4) | trig., R3m | IMA 1981-063 | |||||||||||||||
5.BG.045. Defernite | ||||||||||||||||||
Defernite | Ca6(CO3)1.5(Si2O7)0.25(OH)7(Cl0.5(H2O)0.5) | orth., Pnam | FOTO | IMA 1978-057 | ||||||||||||||
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G = Grandfathered minerals: original description preceded the establishment of the CNMNC in 1959, and generally regarded as a valid species A or IMA No. = Minerals approved by the CNMNC Rd = Redefinition of the mineral approved by the CNMNC Rn = Renamed with approval by the CNMNC Q = Questionable mineral Classification principles: Subdivision of the Carbonates subclass "5.B: Carbonates with additional anions, without water" completely re-arranged compared to the chemical classification in Strunz 9. The subdivision is based now on structural aspects, the coordination polyhedra, corresponding roughly to the cation size (from smaller to larger cations): 5.BA. With cations only in tetrahedral [4] or only in tetragonal pyramidal [5] coordination; 4.BB. With cations in tetrahedral + other coordination; 5.BC. With cations only in octahedral coordination; 5.BD. With cations in octahedral + other coordination; 5.BE. With cations in 7- to 9-fold coordination: cations (Pb, Bi) with stereochemically active lone electron pairs; 5.BF. With cations (Ca, Ba, REE) in 7- to 12-fold coordination to O and F; 5.BG. Carbonates with additional tetrahedral anions: SO4, PO4, SiO4. Further classification:
To distinguish from classical Strunz numbering, on hierarchical "group" level, a numbering with 3 digits is used, like "5.BA.005. Azurite", instead of 2 digits (like "5.BA.05.") in the Strunz system. © Thomas Witzke (2023) |
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